For RFID, a universal "standard" is particularly important to realize the "layout" on a global scale, to make RFID products produced by different companies compatible with each other, to promote the popularization of RFID technology, and to realize the freedom of trade in the RFID industry.
Establishing a standard system to promote the standardization of the RFID industry has become a goal of global attention.
The main purpose of RFID standardization is to solve the problems of coding, communication, air interface and data sharing by formulating, publishing and implementing unified standards, so as to promote the popularization of RFID technology and related system applications to the greatest extent.
The content involved in the RFID standard system mainly includes the following aspects:
RFID Technical Standards
It mainly defines the air interface and related parameters of different frequency bands, including basic terms, physical parameters, communication protocols and related equipment.
RFID Data Content Standards
It mainly involves data protocols, data encoding rules and grammars, including encoding formats, grammar standards, data symbols, data objects, data structures, and data security.
RFID Performance Standards
It involves equipment performance test standards and conformance test standards, mainly including printing quality, design process, test specifications and test procedures.
RFID Application Standards
Mainly related to the architectural rules of RFID in a specific application area or environment.
Among them, the coding standard and the communication protocol (communication interface) are the more fiercely contested parts, which constitute the core of the RFID standard.
At present, most of the international RFID standards are jointly issued by ISO and IEC, so they are called ISO/IEC standards.
▲ISO/IEC standard (organized by IoT library)
Today, the six major organizations that have established an influential RFID standard system in the world are ISO/IEC, EPCglobal, UID, AIM, IP-X, and NFC Forum.
At present, the three air interface protocols of ISO/IEC18000, EPCglobal and UID are still being perfected.
These three standards are not compatible with each other. The main difference lies in the communication mode, anti-collision protocol and data format. The technical gap is not big, but the ISO/IEC RFID standard covers a large number of EPC and UID. standards of the system.
ISO/IEC
ISO is the International Organization for Standardization (InternaTIonal OrganizaTIon for StandardizaTIon), IEC is the International Electrotechnical Commission (InternaTIonal Electrotechnical Commission), both are global non-profit standardization professional organizations, the standards jointly issued by the two are called ISO/IEC standards. Compared with other organizations, ISO/IEC's credibility is extremely authoritative. The organization has several sub-technical committees engaged in RFID standard research, and has issued standards for multiple frequency bands of RFID.
EPCglobal
EPCglobal was initiated by the International Article Numbering Association GS1. GS1 (Globe standard 1) was renamed from EAN International. EAN was originally the European Article Numbering Association established in 1977, and was changed to the International Article Numbering Association in 1981. In 2002, UCC (United States Uniform Code Committee) and ECCC (Canadian Electronic Commerce Commission) officially joined EAN, and in 2005 EAN was renamed GS1 . GS1 is a globally recognized international organization responsible for R&D and promotion of barcode technology, and is committed to promoting the global business language EAN.UCC system (called ANCC Global Unified Identification System in China, or ANCC system for short).
EPCglobal is a neutral, not-for-profit RFID standardization organization. EPCglobal is jointly established by two standardization organizations, EAN and UCC. It inherits the nearly 30-year tradition of successful cooperation between EAN, UCC and the industry. EPCglobal network is a network platform for automatic real-time identification and supply chain information sharing. Through the EPCglobal network, the transparency and visibility of trade unit information in the supply chain will be improved, and institutions will operate more efficiently. By integrating existing information systems and technologies, the EPCglobal network will provide instant, accurate and automated identification and tracking of trade units in global supply chains.
The standard on the 860-960MHz frequency band in the ISO/IEC standard directly adopts the EPCglobal Gen2 UHF standard.
Among them, the EPCglobal Class1 Gen2 (C1G2 or Gen2 for short) standard is the second-generation UHF RFID core standard that EPCglobal has researched since 2003. Gen2 specifies the air interface performance of hardware products set by end users, and is the network foundation of EPCglobal composed of RFID, Internet and EPC identification. The Gen2 protocol standard has a more secure password protection mechanism, and its 32-bit password protection is more secure than the 8-bit password of the Gen1 protocol standard. In terms of management performance, the ultra-high frequency working frequency band of Gen2 is 860-960MHz, which is suitable for the radio management regulations of Europe, North America, Asia and other countries and regions. Apply environmental conditions.
The air interface protocol of the EPC standard system regulates the command and data interaction between the electronic tag and the reader. It corresponds to the ISO/IEC 18000-3 and 18000-6 standards, of which UHF C1G2 has become the ISO/IEC 18000-6C standard. .
UID
The full name of UID is the Ubiquitous ID Center. It was established in March 2003 and is an RFID research institution under the T-Engine Forum in Japan. The idea of Japan Ubiquitous Identification Center to formulate RFID-related standards is similar to EPCglobal, and the goal is to establish a complete standard system from coding system, air interface protocol to ubiquitous network architecture, but the specific content of each part is different. In order to formulate RFID standards with independent intellectual property rights, Japan UID has developed the uCODE coding system, which is compatible with both the existing coding systems in Japan and other international coding systems. It consists of four parts: , Ucode parsing server and ubiquitous communicator. The main frequency bands used are 2.45GHz and 13.56MHz.
UID's RFID standard system is not widely used in my country's RFID industry, and its global influence is far less than that of ISO/IEC and EPCglobal's RFID standard system.
AIM
The full name of AIM is the Global Automatic Identification Organization. It was established in 1999 and has 13 national and regional branches around the world. AIM is a professional association for automatic identification, data collection and network construction in mobile environments, and is a worldwide organization. AIM used to designate the universal barcode standard, and now it has also introduced the RFID standard.
In November 2004, AIM and the American Computer Industry Association announced a partnership to develop third-party certification for RFID.
At present, AIM's influence in RFID is far less than that of EPCglobal.
IP-X
IP-X is also a radio frequency identification standardization organization, which is the third world standard organization of neutral sovereign countries; the members of the organization are mainly countries in Africa, Oceania, Asia and other places, mainly in South Africa and other countries.
NFC Forum
NFC Forum was initiated and established in 2004 by major mobile communication, semiconductor, and consumer electronics companies including HP, MasterCard, Microsoft, NEC, Nokia, NXP, Panasonic, Samsung, Sony, etc. It is a non-profit industry. association.
The NFC Forum formally defines the technical architecture of NFC. Its purpose is to ensure interoperability between devices and services by developing standards-based specifications, encourage the use of NFC Forum specifications to develop products, and promote NFC to the global market. technology, thereby promoting the popularization and application of short-range wireless communication technology.
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